The Role of Setting and Landscape in “Mrs. Dalloway” and “On the Road”

â€Å"Mrs. Dalloway† by acclaimed author Virginia Woolf is an intriguing scholarly piece with a few particularly striking highlights. The creator uses a continuous flow strategy records ‘the molecules as they fall upon the psyche in the request in which they fall†¦ following the example, anyway disconnected†¦ in appearance, in which every episode scores upon the consciousness’ (Woolf, 1) to draw out the deepest musings of the characters in a way which successfully weaves together the components of memory and time.Prior to the mid twentieth century invented writing had stressed the supremacy of plot and nitty gritty depictions of the characters and the settings, with externalities filling in as the most critical defining moment in the story, viably constraining the deepest operations of the characters’ brains to a progressively auxiliary job, fundamentally that of giving the inspiration to the outside events in the plot. Running contrary to the nat ural order of things, Woolf’s refinement of the continuous flow procedure †the portrayal of different awareness waiting around a locus †is certainly one of her enduring commitments to the abstract world, as confirm by her novels.In â€Å"Mrs. Dalloway† the plot can be portrayed as created by the inward existences of the characters, for example Mrs. Dalloway and Septimus, whose natures are uncovered through the recurring pattern of their feelings, impressions, contemplations and sentiments. This thus viably changes the fairly customary occasions in their lives into the phenomenal, especially as their cognizance seems to slip in and out through time conceptualized not just as a direct arrangement of occasions yet in addition as cyclical.Focusing on the two unmistakable universes of the essential characters †benevolent London society lady Clarissa Dalloway with a steady life in London’s high society and youthful Septimus Warren Smith thought to be ex periencing a metal tribulation achieved by the passing of a companion in World War I †the novel investigates their appearing to be equal perspectives regardless of contrasts in social station and the way that they didn't have any acquaintance with one another and had never met, inside a solitary exciting day in June.Both seem to encounter thrilling movements in their temperaments, shockingly like sessions with hyper gloom which Woolf obviously experienced: significant bliss over the straightforward excellence of spring and the presence of its new, small leaves, anxious fear over what they see as the on-hurrying of time, alert over their approaching death, and what must be depicted as plain blame over the wrongdoing of being human with its going with sensibilities, mindfulness, disappointments and shortcomings.In the finishing up section of the book the peruser discovers Clarissa at last being familiar with the character of Septimus after death when his recognized doctor’ s spouse discloses to their lady Mrs. Dalloway the explanation behind their lateness †the self destruction of a patient prior in the day, driving her to inside comment that ‘Here is demise, in my party’ (Woolf, 108). A top at Mrs. Dalloway’s mind uncovers a fairly determined comprehension of the affectability, despair and eventually insubordination assaulting her representative double.In outstanding abstract style, notwithstanding all occasions occurring inside the 24-hour range of a solitary day, the setting and scene give off an impression of being successfully satisfactory for the story to unfurl. The apparently liquid nature of time the creator uses permits the easy weaving of the characters’ considerations from the present to the past and the other way around, permitting the crawling up of musings about what's to come. In spite of the cornucopia of thoughts coming to fruition in the characters’ minds and the emotions such musings summon, t he smart utilization of time grants request to the ease of contemplations, recollections and experiences populating the universe of Mrs. Dalloway.Big Ben that apparently strong image of a solid England sounds out the progression of time for what seems like forever, a consistent suggestion to the characters agonizingly mindful of the hold of time over their lives. However when the hour is tolled, the sound vanishes as though its â€Å"leaden hovers broke up in the air† †implying the transient idea of time which a great many people in their careful fixation on time despite everything neglect to comprehend. Woolf capably presents the idea of time not simply as having a direct character yet a round angle to it also when the peruser is acquainted with the old lady singing a similar tune for an appearing time everlasting at the Regent’s Park Tube Station.In terms of the visual scene, the creator catches the excellence of a London summer day in June with the plenteous pi ctures of trees and blossoms in the story. The assortment of blossoms showing up all through the content is reminiscent of the characters’ short lived feelings. In the initial pages of the book, the peruser is familiar with Clarissa Dalloway on her way to the bloom shop.Clarissa, profound and significant in her considerations, delights in the magnificence of blossoms and trees, while the stiffer, all the more reserved individuals from the English foundation prepared in the craft of holding their feelings in line constantly are spoken to as ungainly in the method of dealing with roses (Richard regards the bundle of roses as though it was a weapon while Mrs. Bruton gave off an impression of being at a misfortune with the blossoms offered to her, in the long run stuffing them into her dress, the gentility and beauty of the motion astounding even herself) and customary in their selection of sprouts †roses and carnations as picked by Richard and Hugh.In tune with the intellig ent tone of the novel, the noteworthy plenitude of trees with their expansive root frameworks seem to mean the broad reach of the human spirit, even as the two heroes wage their very own fights in a battle to secure their spirits. The component of water showing up in the characters’ liquid contemplations as on-hurrying waves brings out pictures of the washing ceaselessly of the old to be supplanted by the new in an interminable pattern of the waves lapping at the shore (the presence of which increments in force until it arrives at the shore, just to blur into another), for example passing as the destiny anticipating us all.Set against the foundation of post-war London, conventional English society is introduced as though a tide pulling down the individuals who neglect to adjust to the squeezing changes tormenting England, and one such loss was Septimus Warren Smith who had at last neglected to acknowledge and comprehend his immensely modified solid social real factors followi ng the finish of the war and the hopeless scarring of humankind.In differentiate, Clarissa seems to have explored the cloudy waters of London high society honorably (a â€Å"silver-green mermaid† in Peter Walsh’s eyes) yet underneath the facade of loyal spouse and mother is a related soul who relates to Septimus and his desire to battle against the severe weights of society, endeavoring to find some kind of harmony among security and open correspondence with the critical individuals in their lives. In the last investigation, she will not capitulate to the allurement herself, and veers away from the outlet picked by Septimus.In a comparable way to that of Virginia Woolf, the American essayist Jack Kerouac, who established the alleged â€Å"Beat Generation†, could likewise be considered as a pioneer as far as commitments to the scholarly field. Despite the fact that Kerouac was of an alternate age and classification from the English creator, the two offer the comp arability of conflicting with show in their own lifetimes in an offer to attest their own thoughts on making scholarly pieces. His epic â€Å"On the Road† could be portrayed as an endeavor to motivate perusers to go out there and hold onto the day †â€Å"Carpe diem!† as the French say, so to talk †and live life.â€Å"On the Road† we meet the youthful, to some degree naã ¯ve author Sal Paradise and Dean Moriarty, whom the storyteller depicts as â€Å"tremendously energized with life† in their experience gallivanting around America to test the constraints of their â€Å"American Dream.† Various settings, for example a modest community in provincial Virginia, a jazz joint in urban New York, a Mexican prostitute house,  and scene are used by the writer in their full degree to give the peruser pictures of the USA and its new-world marvels †urban wildernesses, tired towns, the American country wild, immense breadth of treats †the m ain unmistakable association between them being the street, the requirement for an age to escape their appearing restrictions constrained by space, to break out and look for opportunity unchained by any forced from-above conviction, conclusions or ideology.These young people, overpowered by the absence of satisfaction and the superseding feeling of distress in their lives caused them to feel that â€Å"the just activity was go,† giving the stimulus to look to their very own opportunities, the delight of which they found in sex, medications and jazz music. For Sal, â€Å"†¦life is sacred and each second precious,† which may maybe represent Dean appearing â€Å"to be doing everything at the equivalent time† as a dread and carefulness of death seemed to frequent the group in their stay all through America (â€Å"†¦death will overwhelm us before heaven†), showed by dreams of an incredible soul trailing after them over the desert of life.Yet this dre ad didn't keep them from carrying on with their life not held by the influence of realism, that â€Å"mad dream-snatching, taking, giving, moaning and biting the dust to make sure they could be covered in those horrendous graveyard urban communities past Long Island.† As their movements together reach a conclusion, Sal and Dean end up in the destitution stricken city of Mexico, where among the houses of ill-repute, barefooted elderly people ladies, and straightforward dinners, Sal sees that â€Å"[b]eggars dozed enveloped by

MPH503, Infertility and Public Health, Mod 3 Case Assignment Essay

MPH503, Infertility and Public Health, Mod 3 Case Assignment - Essay Example This paper will endeavor to respond to those inquiries according to the consequences of the Bragdon v Abbot case. As indicated by Bragdon v Abbot there is an option to replicate, like the option to relax. The case is stating that propagation is a significant life work simply like some other real capacity and an incapacity identified with generation is as significant as a handicap identified with asthma (Walker , 2010). Further, the Code of Federal Regulations as indicated by Walker (2001) states that any physiological issue, or condition, restorative distortion, or anatomical misfortune influencing at least one of the accompanying body frameworks: Neurological, musculoskeletal, uncommon sense organs, respiratory (counting discourse organs), cardiovascular, conceptive, stomach related, genital-urinary, hemi and lymphatic, skin, and endocrine. As is noted, regenerative is recorded. There is a great deal of difference right now with regards to whether fruitlessness is an inability, truth be told, it gives the idea that the entirety of the states incomparable courts can't appear to concur. Be that as it may, in this specific case, it was resolved to be a handicap and except if another case tags along and decides the aftereffects of this one to be wrong, it will be considered by insurance agencies and bosses to be so. Surely insurance agencies must react by guaranteeing that protection spread barrenness treatment. This author doesn't accept this will keep going long. There will be another incomparable legal dispute to go along. It isn't that this essayist differs yet unquestionably at the expense of such medications insurance agencies will either need to raise cost or discover a route not to cover the treatment. It is believed that surely most states will go for the endeavor to get insurance agencies to pay for barrenness treatment, with the special case, perhaps of self-protected cases. Here and there, commanding protection to pay for barrenness treatment

Social Anxiety Disorder in Children

Social Anxiety Disorder in Children Social Anxiety Disorder Print Social Anxiety Disorder in Children How to Recognize and Treat SAD in Kids By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on August 12, 2019 Social Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children In This Article Table of Contents Expand Types Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Treatment Tips for Parents View All Children and teenagers with social anxiety disorder (SAD) may live with symptoms into adulthood without ever being diagnosed. Although SAD is the third most common mental health disorder,?? many parents and teachers are not familiar with the signs and symptoms in children and teenagers. Social anxiety disorder involves an intense fear or phobia of social and performance situations. Although most teenagers go through periods of normal anxiety related to the changes that go along with adolescence, those with SAD experience fear that is out of proportion to the situations that they face. For some teenagers, social anxiety becomes chronic, affecting school performance, extracurricular activities, and the ability to make friends. Types Children and teenagers can be diagnosed with a more generalized form of social anxiety disorder or with the performance-only specifier (only performance situations cause anxiety).?? General vs. Performance-Only SAD Symptoms Symptoms in children can vary by age. As a parent or loved one, know that not all of these behaviors necessarily reflect SAD, but if you consistently recognize them and have cause for concern, consider seeking further evaluation with a psychotherapist. Pre-School Children Fear of new thingsIrritability, crying, or whiningFreezing or clingingRefusing to speak?? School-Aged Children Fear of reading aloud or answering questions in classFear of talking to other kidsFear of being in front of the classFear of speaking to adultsFear of musical or athletic performance activitiesFear of ordering food in a restaurantFear of attending birthday partiesFear of having friends visitWorry about being judged by othersRefusal to participate in activities or school?? In addition, children with SAD are more likely than adults to experience physical symptoms like headaches, stomach aches, and nausea.?? Teens Temperament Look for a teenager who... is quietkeeps to him/herselfbecomes more withdrawn if encouraged to talkis hesitantis passiveis overly concerned about negative evaluationfears being embarrassed or humiliatedcrosses his/her armskeeps his/her head downdisplays few facial expressionshas nervous habits such as hair twirling or fidgeting?? School Behavior potentially does poorly in schooldoesnt raise his/her hand in classavoids classmates outside classfears performing in front of others/public speaking fears speaking up in classis uncomfortable in the spotlightsits alone in the library or cafeteriais afraid to ask the teacher for helpis afraid to walk into class latemay refuse to go to school or drop out?? Behavior With Peers is uncomfortable in group settingshas few friendsis afraid to start or participate in conversationsis afraid to ask others to get togetheris afraid to call othersavoids eye contactspeaks softly or mumblesappears to always be on the fringesreveals little about him/herself when talking to others?? Teenagers with social anxiety disorder are at a disadvantage in all areas of life. They may perform poorly at school and may have trouble attending classes. Students with the disorder are also less likely to make friends and participate in extracurricular activities.?? Those with severe SAD may drop out of school or refuse to leave home. In addition, untreated social anxiety disorder in adolescence may lead to increased risk of other mental health problems later in life such as depression, eating disorders, substance abuse, and even suicidal ideation. Causes Just as with adults, social anxiety disorder in children and teenagers may be caused by genetic factors, environmental factors, societal factors, and brain/biological factors. Many parents may blame themselves, but know that its usually a combination of things that cause the disorder. The most important thing you can do know is support the child and help them find help.?? Understanding the Causes of Social Anxiety Disorder Diagnosis Diagnosis of social anxiety disorder in children and teenagers involves an evaluation of symptoms in several contexts. This evaluation will often include the perspective of parents and teachers and may involve the use of school records. Often, children and teenagers with SAD will go undetected because parents and teachers will believe that the child or adolescent is just shy. However, early detection and intervention are crucial in the prevention of long-term impairment. Potential underlying medical conditions are explored and other explanations for the behavior such as bullying are also considered. If the student is at risk of self-harm or suicide, these issues are addressed immediately. The same diagnostic criteria used to diagnose adults also apply to children and teenagers. However, there are some additional caveats. Children and teenagers may not recognize that their fear is unreasonable and their anxiety must be present when interacting with their peers, not just adults.?? How SAD Is Diagnosed Treatment Treatment of SAD in children and teenagers is aimed at helping to alleviate anxiety and allow the student to cope with school and day-to-day functioning. Effective treatments may include the following: cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)family therapymedication such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), for example: Paxil, Zoloft, Prozac,  and Xanax?? In addition to standard treatments, there are a number of coping strategies that can be employed by teachers, parents,  and students to manage social anxiety both in and out of school. Schools can play an important role in this process, as it is the place where social anxiety disorder can often have the most negative effect on a teens functioning. School-based interventions led by psychologists, social skills training, and academic skills training are all helpful ways that schools can intervene in cases of SAD.?? As a parent, read about the disorder and increase your awareness of what your teen is experiencing. Be in touch with your school to coordinate efforts with teachers, school counselors, and other personnel. Together, you can work toward improving the situation for a child or teen with SAD. Try One of the 9 Best Online Therapy Programs Tips for Parents As a parent of a socially anxious child, it can be hard to know how best to offer your support. Its important to manage your childs social anxiety in a constructive way. Give your child or teen chances to expose him or herself to feared situations. Dont speak for your child or teen and offer praise when a feared situation is faced. Choose realistic goals for your child or teen such as joining a club or making a new friend. Then, outline steps that can be taken to achieve this goal. Also, encourage activities that help your child or teen to relax such as arts and crafts, music, yoga, and writing. Be a good listener and let your child or teen know that what he or she is experiencing can be overcome. Remind your child or teen of past successes and build his or her confidence. Finally, seek help for your child or teen if anxiety becomes severe. Some problems are too big for you to handle on your own and require intervention such as medication or professional therapy.?? How to Parent Teens With Social Anxiety A Word From Verywell If you have a child or teen who you believe is living with social anxiety, it is important to make an appointment for a diagnosis and potential treatment. The longer this disorder goes undiagnosed, the more impairment your child will experience. By the same token, if you are a teen living with social anxiety, reach out to a parent, teacher, or guidance counselor about the symptoms you are experiencing so that you can receive help.

The Drowned World, Comedy, And Elegy - 1704 Words

Climate change and drastic effects go hand in hand when it comes to evaluating aspects of the Anthropocene. Literary forms such as tragedy, comedy, and elegy play an influential role in the discussion of these subjects, shaping the way they are interpreted and comprehended. In J.G. Ballard’s The Drowned World, the use of these literary forms frame the ideas of how climate change affects a future Earth and what that means for humanity. Furthermore, this work manifests different emerging trends of the Anthropocene such as terraforming, biotechnological de-extinction, and cosmopolitanism to portray an altered world. Tragedy exemplifies itself in many different forms throughout Ballard’s novel. This literary form is especially conveyed through the tragic role of Kerans and the undeserved death of Bodkins. The question of whether Kerans takes the form of a tragic hero is a duality presented by the actions he has performed. His heroic tendencies reveal themselves during his a ttempt to refill the lagoon after it was drained by Strangman; however, his reasons for doing so were selfish, and he fled the scene immediately after the act was completed. While the act itself displayed Keran’s noble intentions of wanting to return the lagoon to its natural pristine state of primal times, his fleeing afterwards illustrates his true motives of heading South leaving the others to deal with the impact of his actions. Likewise, Bodkin attempted to refill the lagoon at an earlier place in the

Problems Caused By Overpopulation Is The Rise Of A Place...

Problems Caused by Overpopulation in Cities Overpopulation is ‘The condition of a place populated with excessively large numbers’. It is considered a problem in many senses, since it causes a number of issues for various different reasons. One major issue caused by overpopulation is the rise of unemployment. This is when people actively seeking employment or just people that are able to work remain unemployed. Overpopulation causes this because the amount of jobs available would be the same as before the city became overpopulated, meaning that there wouldn’t be enough jobs for the amount of people needing one. With more unemployed people come many obstacles and problems, not only for the people this affects, but for the whole economy and†¦show more content†¦This would cause many companies to have lost business. Furthermore, this could even result in more unemployment, because the companies may be forced to make cutbacks of their own within their staff or branches (if it was a shop). From all this evidence, we can see that unemployment is a major issue, and affects many people. A large amount of unemployed people are in that condition due to overpopulation, proving that overpopulation is the cause of a significant problem. A second problem caused by overpopulation is the degradation of the environment. With oil, water and natural gases being overused, it starts having severe effects on the environment. There are many negative consequences that we may have to face related to this, the cause of them being overpopulation. There are three main types of environmental degradation. The first type is air. Air pollution is one of the bigger issues within this category. Not only does it damage the air, it is also a hazard to human and animal health. Particles from the pollution can easily lodge themselves into lungs, and cause many problems in the body. Another type of environmental degradation of air is the depletion of the ozone layer. If the ozone layer is damaged, lots of ultra-violet rays from the sun will be able to reach the Earth’s surface. Excessive amounts of ultra-violet radiation could cause numerous problems for human health including skin and eyesightShow MoreRelatedCats: Domestic Cat11027 Words   |  45 Pagesanother cat in a fight, even when it has a grip on them. This is also an advantage for veterinary purposes, as it simplifies injections [11]. In fact, the life of cats with kidney failure can sometimes be extended for years by the regular injection of large volumes of fluid subcutaneously, which serves as an alternative to dialysis.[12][13]. The particular loose skin at the back of the neck is known as the scruff, and is the area by which a mother cat grips her kittens to carry them. As a result, cats

Bureau of Prisons Regulatory Agency - 1295 Words

Bureau of Prisons Regulatory Agency Health Care is not just of concern to the private sector. Health Care reaches into the prison system as well. Federal and state laws have been created to ensure that the prison system provides health care through the medical facilities available. The Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) is the government agency that regulates the health care that is given to federal inmates in the United States. The BOP licenses’, certifies, accredits, and runs the background checks necessary to obtain employment. Agency’s role Created on May 14, 1930 by President Herbert Hoover the Federal Bureau of Prisons is a subdivision of the United States Justice Department. The BOP is responsible for the administration of†¦show more content†¦The facility is in Terre Haute, Indiana. The last person executed at the Terre Haute facility was Timothy McVey who bombed the Oklahoma City Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building killing 168 people. He was executed June 11, 2001. Regulatory authority The Federal Bureau of Prisons must adhere to regulations when providing health care to the inmate population. Regulations and guidelines may vary from facility to facility, but the BOP has the authority to intervene regardless the situation. The BOP is responsible for maintaining the regulations that are used so that inmates are not abused or under cared for. Health care services are regulated by the BOP and adherence to the regulations established must be followed by the individual facilities. The Bureau of Prisons carefully lists the inmate’s health care rights and the inmate’s responsibilities in order have access those rights. In the Federal Correction Institution at Terminal Island, California the Inmate Information Handbook lists out the specific rights to health care access each inmate has and then the handbook lists the inmate’s responsibility to be able to access the health care. An example is the inmate has the right to access a ll services on Terminal Island including medical, dental, and all support services but theShow MoreRelatedThe Federal Bureau Of Prisons1401 Words   |  6 Pagesbut when looking at it from the point of a person who is in prison, it takes on a whole new view. Those who are in prison have federal and state laws that say that the prisons must provide them with medical facilities for their healthcare needs. 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The Labour market information portal states â€Å"The Public AdministrationRead MoreCrime And Corruption Within The Global Banking Systems1654 Words   |  7 Pagescorporations.† -Andrew Jackson Recent Fraud by Bankers: In more recent cases, fraudulent acts committed by bank employees can account for millions stolen from the bank’s clients. This could include acts of embezzlement and securities fraud. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) reported one such case late last year where an investment adviser at a global financial institution based in New Your City, by the name of Michael Oppenheim, pled guilty to embezzlement and securities fraud. He used his positionRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1668 Words   |  7 Pagesrelated incarcerations would be greatly reduced. In the United States the prison population is six to ten times higher than in most European nations (United States Bureau). When it comes to the federal expenditures it gets a little trickier, but according to the United States census, the federal government, without worries of marijuana related crimes in the United States will save approximately $2.6 billion (United States Bureau). Although, by decriminalizing ma rijuana, the government would save a lotRead MoreHealthcare Fraud1818 Words   |  8 Pagesgovernment programs to inform the public that they can be targeted, the dollar amount for these cases for fraud can be reduced. An informed public and a properly funded FBI will go a long ways in the overall crackdown of health care fraud. The Federal Bureau of Investigation is spending large amounts of its budget to crack down on health care fraud. Special units have been formed to help the FBI Crimes Section find these criminals and take them to court to seek proper punishment. Crimes are being committed

Public Relation Profession

Question: Discuss about the Public Relation Profession. Answer: Introduction: Definition of Public Relation (PR) Profession Public Relation (PR) is the process of maintaining healthy and active relationship between a recognised individual or any organisation with public (audience). Public relations mainly deal with the public views about the organisation and that its main aim is to create and maintain a positive image (Osborne, Radnor and Nasi, 2013, pp.135). This relationship needs to be maintained in accordance with the requirement and expectation of public, employee, stakeholder, and customer. PR specialists must have good communication skill for publicity and brand management, such that organisational objectives can be achieved in terms of gaining market competitiveness as well as attractiveness (Al Ariss and Crowley-Henry, 2013, pp.78). Background Information The scope of present discussion is focused on the optimal public relation practices that are requisite for organisational success. Furthermore, these studies were correlated with the visionary practice and actions of the celebrity couple Roxy Jacenko and Oliver Curtis. Roxy Jacenko, from Australia, is an author, socialite, and owner of a PR agency. Her husband, Oliver Curtis works as an insider trade professional in a financial institute. Currently, he is in Parklea Prison due to certain issues (not discussed in this report). Roxy is one of the well-known business women in Australia and is called as the PR Queen Roxy Jacenko in Sydney, by virtue of her professional success (Financial Review, 2016). As a public figure, she is capable of collecting attention for her clients as well as for herself. Roxy is the owner of the very well-known PR agency in Sydney known as Sweaty Betty PR. Roxy was an average student in her school day, but she dreamt of being an entrepreneur in her future (Ro xy Jacenko - Sweaty Betty PR). At the age of 14, she started working for a part time job at McDonalds. This job helped her to gain experience and develop strategic vision, which in turn helped her to operate her responsibility at the company in a systematic way. In the later stage of life, Roxy worked as a receptionist for Mark Keighery. Even this job also helped her to gain experience and motivate her to become an entrepreneur (Public Relations and Communications, 2016). Best Public Relation (PR) Practices As mentioned in the above section, PR is the process to enhance the relationship and information flow between the organisations with the concerned audience, through effective practices. Optimal PR practices to be used for better and efficient communication are as follows: Clear articulation of prospects in front of media: It is important to convey clear, accurate and concise information before the media. It is necessary to drag the attention of the reporter toward ones story using 5 Ws and H such as which include Why, When, Where, What, When and How (Thunnissen, Boselie and Fruytier, 2013, pp.326). Accurate identification of media to outreach the information: It is necessary to identify the correct and proper media source to outreach the information to the public. Conveying accurate information to the right media is required to reach the information to the audience (Scherer, Palazzo and Seidl, 2013, pp.259). Fragmenting the aimed audiences: Various types of audiences must be marked and divided into categories such as customers, business partners, and suppliers. This will be helpful in supplementing accurate information to appropriate segment (Al Ariss, A. and Crowley-Henry, M., 2013, pp.78). Connecting with various tools: Nowadays social media is the most useful source to convey the information. Hence, for the purpose of maintaining public relationship connecting with media and also directly to public the various social platforms available are twitter, facebook, blogs and LinkedIn. Additionally, radio, television, and newspaper also serve as an excellent source for promotion (Caganova, 2015, pp.51). Listing of media: There should be a list of media so that there would not be any confusion regarding the interaction with the media. It is always better to interact with the media personally to deliver the story (Scherer, Palazzo and Seidl, 2013, pp.259). Updating the profile: It is paramount for any well-known personality or for reputed business, to prepare a well-organised profile for the public to look into. Along with that, it is necessary to update the profile regularly, so that that public will get correct and latest news (Cornelissen, 2014). Maintaining relationship: Creating and maintaining a relationship with the media is one of the best PR practices. Building and maintaining relationship requires both time and Hence it should be done with a lot of patience. Reporters need to be treated as a friend, and this helps to create bonding (Cornelissen, 2014). Honesty: Honesty is the foremost quality required in the PR practices. Accurate and genuine data needs to be provided to the media and to the public. Determination of information regarding public: Determining the public views and opinions relating to the organisation through various sources. Analysing results: PR professionals should evaluate different results from campaign, events, interviews and advertisements. They conduct campaigns to influence and change the perception of, mainly targeted publics (Al Ariss, A. and Crowley-Henry, M., 2013, pp.78). Roxys Role at a Publicist Roxy first worked as public relations for Diesel Company and later on at the age of 24, she decided to open her own PR agency named Sweaty Betty PR. With time the PR agency grew up and till now it has been reported that the PR firm has an income of around $10 million turnovers per year (Financial Review, 2016). For being a successful PR, she replied very quickly to media emails. She wanted that media should follow her not because of her best products, rather because of her talent and efficiency. Earlier she made mistakes by representing around 150 brands through her PR agency, which proved to be a blunder for her career. Later she revised her mistake and reduced the number to around 70 brands which include Oliver Peoples, Harris Scarfes, and celebrities like Maude Garrett (McMahon, N. 2016). According to her, she wanted to represent few numbers of brands and all should have different stories and according to that, she can send that number of media releases. There was a point in time when she decided to sell Sweaty Betty PR. Significant turnover has once become a topic of concern for her business. Now she employs only 18 people in her team. She is quite obsessive and irrational in nature, which people may like or dislike as a team leader. As a person, she describes herself to be harsh from outside but soft from inside. She is quite active in social media and an active user of Instagram (Public Relations and Communications, 2016). Comparison of PR Practices by Roxy with the Optimal Training Approach In contrast to the PR practices used above, Roxys PR practices are significant that makes her success achievement possible. To become an independent entrepreneur, both experience as well as capital is equally necessary. To set up a PR agency, Roxy had gathered experiences from her past jobs that are by working for a part time job at McDonalds and working as PR for Diesel Company. She knows very well the importance of media for her agency and hence treats them very nicely (McMahon, N. 2016). Being a publicist and a PR consultant, Roxy is always in contact with the media and has given many interviews with media. She has done a few television reality shows which helped her to gain popularity among public. Being a good PR, she is always interested in her audience and tries to attract and gain the attention of public (Public Relations and Communications, 2016). One of the outstanding prospects of PR practice is to be active in social media, which is precisely followed by Roxy (Osborne, Radnor and Nasi, 2013, pp.135). She immediately responds to media and public through email, Facebook, Twitter, Blog and is an active user of Instagram (McMahon, N. 2016). But sometimes being the leader she is obsessive and irrational in nature which might create tension between her and her staffs, but in spite of this, she is soft from inside. Overall, her active engagement in information management and communication with media is the key to her success as a publicist (Financial Review, 2016). References: Al Ariss, A. and Crowley-Henry, M., 2013. Self-initiated expatriation and migration in the management literature: Present theorizations and future research directions. Career Development International, 18(1), pp.78-96. Caganova, D., Cambal, M. and Weidlichova Luptakova, S., 2015. Intercultural managementtrend of contemporary globalized world. Elektronika ir Elektrotechnika, 102(6), pp.51-54. Cornelissen, J., 2014. Corporate communication: A guide to theory and practice. Sage. Financial Review. Roxy Jacenko: 'It was like I was on trial', 2016. Retrieved from https://www.afr.com/news/roxy-jacenko-it-was-like-i-was-on-trial-20160821-gqxltt Dated 23 Aug 2016. Osborne, S.P., Radnor, Z. and Nasi, G., 2013. A new theory for public service management? Toward a (public) service-dominant approach. The American Review of Public Administration, 43(2), pp.135-158. McMahon, N. 2016. 60 Minutes hits new low with Roxy Jacenko interview. Retrieved from https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/tv-and-radio/60-minutes-hits-new-low-with-roxy-jacenko-interview-20160821-gqxtga.html Dated 23 Aug 2016. Public Relations and Communications - Roxy Jacenko Retrieved from https://au.linkedin.com/in/roxy-jacenko-1780336 Dated 23 Aug 2016. Roxy Jacenko - Sweaty Betty PR. Retrieved from www.sweatybettypr.com/roxy-jacenko/ Dated 23 Aug 2016. Scherer, A.G., Palazzo, G. and Seidl, D., 2013. Managing legitimacy in complex and heterogeneous environments: Sustainable development in a globalized world. Journal of Management Studies, 50(2), pp.259-284. Thunnissen, M., Boselie, P. and Fruytier, B., 2013. Talent management and the relevance of context: Towards a pluralistic approach. Human Resource Management Review, 23(4), pp.326-336.

The Representation of Women in the Paintings of the High Renaissance and the Recurring Tendencies of the XXI Century

Distillation Definition in Chemistry

Distillation Definition in Chemistry In the most general sense, distillation means to purify something. For example, one you might distill the main point from a story. In chemistry, distillation refers to a particular method of purifying liquids: Distillation Definition Distillation is the technique of heating a liquid to create vapor which is collected when cooled separate from the original liquid. Its based on the different boiling point or volatility values of the components. The technique may be used to separate components of a mixture or to aid in purification. The equipment used for distillation may be called a  distillation apparatus or  still. A structure designed to house one or more stills is termed a distillery. Distillation Example Pure water can be separated from salt water through distillation. Salt water is boiled to create form steam, but the salt remains in the solution. The steam is collected and allowed to cool back into salt-free water. The salt remains in the original container. Uses of Distillation Distillation has many applications: Its used in chemistry to separate and purify liquids.Distillation is used to make alcoholic beverages, vinegar, and purified water.Its one of the oldest methods of desalinating water. Distilled water dates back to at least 200 AD, when it was described by Greek philosopher Alexander of Aphrodisias.Distillation is used on an industrial scale to purify chemicals.The fossil fuel industry uses distillation to separate components of crude oil to make chemical feedstock and fuel. Types of Distillation Types of distillation include: Batch Distillation - A mixture of two volatile substances is heated until it boils. The vapor will contain a higher concentration of the more volatile component, so more of it will be condensed and removed from the system. This changes the ratio of components in the boiling mixture, raising its boiling point. If there is a large difference in the vapor pressure between the two components, the boiled liquid will become higher in the less volatile component, while the distillate will be mostly the more volatile component. Batch distillation is the most common type of distillation used in a laboratory. Continuous Distillation - Distillation is ongoing, with new liquid fed into the process and separated fractions continuously removed. Because new material is input, the concentrations of the components should not change as in batch distillation. Simple Distillation - In simple distillation, vapor enters a condenser, cools, and is collected. The resulting liquid has a composition identical to that of the vapor, so simple distillation is used when components have greatly different boiling points or to separate volatile from non-volatile components. Fractional Distillation - Both batch and continuous distillation may incorporate fractional distillation, which involves use of a fractionating column above the distillation flask. The column offers more surface area, allowing for more efficient condensation of vapor and an improved separation. A fractionating column may even be set up to include subsystems with separate liquid-vapor equilibrium values. Steam Distillation - In steam distillation, water is added to the distilling flask. This lowers the boiling point of the components so they may be separated at a temperature below their decomposition point. Other types of distillation include vacuum distillation, short-path distillation, zone distillation, reactive distillation, pervaporation, catalytic distillation, flash evaporation, freeze distillation, and extractive distillation,

Organizational Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 5

Organizational Behavior - Essay Example In order to answer the objectives previously mentioned, the study reviewed job satisfaction-related literature in defining what job satisfaction is, its intrinsic and extrinsic factors, and other elements that can either increase or decrease it. The study used published peer-reviewed articles in scholarly journals from year 2000 and onwards. All articles included in the study are empirical and have used questionnaires as methodological approach. Job satisfaction has been the topic of various researches for the past few decades, focusing on the factors that affect job satisfaction, how it can be achieved, and how it can be enhanced (Hoppock, 1935). It has also been said that job satisfaction can determine the quality of performance and productivity of an individual (Patterson, et al 2004). By definition, job satisfaction can be feelings, attitudes and emotions that employees feel towards work-related aspects (Lock, 1976). These can be their relationships with their co-workers, wages, workload, and working environment (Jackson and Corr, 2002). This implies that if an individual employee is satisfied with his/her working environment of the amount of salary and compensation that he/she receives, his level of job satisfaction will correspondingly increase. However, if an individual suffers from over workload or stressful environment, it can contribute to his/her dissatisfaction. It also implies that job dissatisfaction can lead to poor level of performance and absenteeism of an employee. Job satisfaction also consists of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Intrinsic factors are an individual evaluation of the quality of work performed; how the work was handled professionally; individual development of skills and expansion of horizon; and intellectual growth and maturity. Extrinsic factors, on the other hand, include the kind of work environment; salary provided and bonuses; rewards and promotions in return for excellent performance;

AStronomy Discoveries Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

AStronomy Discoveries - Research Paper Example Scientists like Carl Sagan and Stephen Hawking have hypothesized that it would be improbable for life  not  to exist somewhere other than the earth relying on the vast size and consistent physical laws of the observable Universe (Steiger and White, 3-4). The existence of life on the earth is based mainly on the biochemical reactions and bonds of 6 elements, namely, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous and sulphur. The distance of earth from its star and its atmospheric conditions, and most importantly, the presence of water make the ‘blue-planet’ inhabitable (Sol Company, Inc). Presence of a liquid, though not water, is basal for life to sustain wherever on the universe, that’s what our scientists have figured out. Complex chemical reactions that form the foundation of life require some liquid to take place. But, liquid state is one of the rarest on the universe, because, holding a liquid in space is improbable in vacuum. In our convictions, these c onditions are necessary for life to exist anywhere. Man couldn’t find any other celestial body with such conditions till date. So, the quest still remains. Extraterrestrial life was there in man’s imagination from long back, and this was mentioned in many mythologies and books of ancient civilizations. But, it was only in the recent past when man got some believable clues regarding this. The most convincing tip about alien life was the fossil evidence of bacterial life within some meteorites collected from Antarctica, Siberia, Alaska etc. There were claims about having seen a UFO from different parts of the world. Some paranormal radio signals also cemented man’s doubts on extraterrestrial life. According to Corfield, mars has long been suspected for the presence of life, from 17th century onwards, when Christian Huygens discovered a strange feature known as Syrtis Major on its surface (186-188). But no one could put forward confirmable evidence in this regard. Such clues and hypothesis have rocketed up man’s eagerness to continue the quest for extraterrestrial life. Space organizations in various countries are doing extensive research on astrobiology. Probe teams are sent to many planets and their satellites for investigation and collecting materials. Amounts spent by governments on this subject are vast and often criticized largely for the inaccuracy of the outcomes. In my opinion, allotting huge amounts in this regard is not a wise thing to do, because chances for existence of an alien civilization which our race can set up communication with are unconvincingly rare. But, ceasing these long driven projects is also not a wise thing, because, a wondrous discovery of a species on some other planet may bring about a huge boost to our innovative researches. May be, some micro-organisms hopefully discovered outside the earth will be of utility in making antibiotics for many diseases which we have not yet been able to eradicate. They ma y generate some hybrid compounds which can give us chemicals which may be usable in agriculture or industry. Such discoveries may lead to some solutions to our problems regarding global warming and climate change. But, it will be good for us to think about a situation when a more intelligent and developed civilization than ours coming into contact with our planet; its

Assess The Level Of Awareness On Preconception Care After Marriage Nursing Essay

Assess The Level Of Awareness On Preconception Care After Marriage Nursing Essay CHAPTER V The aim of the study was to assess the level of awareness on preconception care after marriage among unmarried college girls in selected educational institution at Salem. The study was Non experimental descriptive research design to assess the level of awareness regarding preconception care. Sample consists of 100 unmarried college students. The analysis and interpretation of the findings were presented in the chapter-1V. Objective-1: To develop validate the informational booklet regarding preconception care after marriage for the samples based on the findings of the study. In this study Informational booklet regarding preconception care after marriage prepared as a guide to improve the students knowledge on preconception care aspect. Booklet was prepared based on review of literature, textbook, published journals, internet search, published and unpublished thesis and personnel experience of the researcher. The content was organized into various sub topics such as General health measures which include the consu ­mption of balanced diet, maintaining normal body weight Components involved in preconception such as folic acid supplementation, stress reduction, mental preparation, understanding fertile period and early signs of pregnancy. It was validated by 5 experts. Booklet was prepared before the assessment of the knowledge regarding preconception care. It was handed over to the samples after assessing the knowledge regarding preconception care. The responses of the samples after reading the Informational Booklet was assessed, which showed that out of 100 samples, all the samples have read the Informational Booklet. 89 samples really felt that the booklet was highly useful and remaining 11 felt even though it was used further teaching could have more benefitted them. The most useful section felt by the samples were consumption of balanced diet 45(45%), maintaining normal body weight 61(61%), folic acid supplementation 78(78%) and stress reduction 27(27%). The finding of the study was supported by another study conducted by Vause,   Jones,   Evans,   Wilkie, Leader., (2004) conducted a study whether counselling before conception is important. After completing the knowledge survey the woman was sent for initial assessment. 400 surveys were used for the data analysis. Patients were informed about the health optimization, consumption of folic acid, exposure to infectious disease, use of medication and use of recreational drug. Nulliparous women were found less knowledgeable. The more educated women had more knowledge. It was suggested that the women need their physicians to educate about pre-pregnancy lifestyle. Objective-2:To assess the level of awareness regarding preconception care among samples. In this study the baseline assessment of the present health status of the samples were assessed by collecting the history. Regarding the age of menarche majority of the samples 35% attained menarche in the age of 14 years, 25% at the age of 15 years, 24% at the age of 13 years, 12%at the age of 16 years, 3% at the age of 12years, and only 1% at the age of 17 years. Regarding pattern of menstruation 73% were having regular menstruation and 27% were having irregular menstruation. With regard to discomfort before menstruation 43%were having discomfort before menstruation and 57% were not having discomfort. Regarding pain during menstruation 25% were having pain during menstruation and 75% were having no pain during menstruation. About the Family history of consanguineous marriage majority of the students 33% parents had consanguineous marriage, 16% grandparents had consanguineous marriage, 8%sister had consanguineous marriage and only 3% brother got married consanguineously, 40% had no history of consanguineous marriage. With regard to the Family history of high risk pregnancy majority of the samples 34% mother/sister had the history of vomiting, 6% had infertility, 4% had hypertension during pregnancy, 4%had Twin pregnancy and only 1% had the history of diabetes mellitus during pregnancy, 61% had no Family history of high risk pregnancy. Regarding family health history majority of the samples 25% had the family health history of hypertension, 22% had diabetes mellitus, 8% had the breathing difficulty and only 4% had cardiac problem, 41% had no family health history. Measurement data on Body Mass Index by checking height and weight Hemoglobin was assessed with Sahelis Hemoglobinometer. The Body Mass index was assessed which showed that 8% were having normal Body Mass index (18.5-24.9kg/m2), 37% were underweight ( The hemoglobin was assessed using Sahelis Hemoglobinometer which showed that 25% were having normal Hemoglobin level (11-12mg/dl), 71% were moderate anemic (9-10mg/dl) and 4%were severe anemic ( This finding was supported by a study done by Raghe Reghunathan (2001) conducted a study on prevalence of anemia among pregnant women in rural backward colony in Kottayam District, Kerala. Hemoglobin estimation was done by using Sahelis hemoglobinometer. Researcher have found that 47.4% of women were moderately anemic, 26.3% were mildly anemic and 26.3% of women were severe anemic. The level of awareness regarding preconception care after marriage was assessed by self administered knowledge questionnaire. The knowledge score showed that out of 100 samples 37% had inadequate knowledge, 61% had moderate knowledge and only 2% had adequate knowledge regarding preconception care. The mean score percentage was 49.3 which revealed inadequate knowledge. Booklet was giving to the samples to improve their knowledge. The finding of this study was supported by a study conducted by Weerd, Van der Bij , Cikot, Braspenning, Braat., (2002) this study compares a self-administered questionnaires to history taking. 193 women from Netherlands were included in the study. A pre-conception health assessment of family history and two Family History surveys were completed by 186 couples at home. Agreement between the written and the oral answers was calculated using kappa statistic. The results showed that good agreement level was found for all sections of the preconceptional health assessment form (overall kappa = 0.88) except for the nutritional history (kappa = 0.70). The Family History surveys also showed a high agreement level (kappa = 0.92 for women and kappa = 0.90 for men). The findings was also supported by another study conducted by Ezegwui HU, Dim C, Dim N, Ikeme AC., (2008) Study was to determine the awareness regarding preconception care. This is a cross-sectional study of women receiving antenatal care at Nigeria between October 2005 and March 2006. A total of 1,500 questionnaires were distributed while 1,331 were completed and returned giving a response rate of 88.7%. The mean age was 30.0 + 5.0 years. Of these, 573 (43.1%) women had heard of preconception care. The respondents awareness of preconception care and their ability to define the subject correctly increase significantly with their educational status and age. The majority believed that preconception care might improve the health of mother and child. Objective-3: To find out the association between level of awareness regarding preconception care with their selected demographic variables-age, education, family monthly income, type of family, religion area of residence. In this study association was analyzed by using Chi-square between the level of knowledge regarding preconception care and selected demographic variables The findings of the study showed that there was significant association between the level of knowledge and their area of residence. The other demographic variables (age, education, type of family, family monthly income and religion) were having no significance with the level of knowledge. The statistical findings of association between level of knowledge and area of residence of the students was found to be statistically significant [à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡2 value=10.2016, Table value =.9.49 and df = 4 at 0.05 level] It evidences that there is significance between association of level of knowledge and area of residence of the students. This finding of the study was supported by another study conducted by Chacko, Anding, Kozinetz, Grover, Smith., (2003) objective of the study was to assess knowledge of neural tube defect prevention by folic acid among adolescent and young adult women. Results of the study showed that of 387 women (mean age: 18 +/- 1.9 years), 72% were black and 28% were Hispanic. 44% answered that clinics were a major source of information of neural tube defect prevention, 52% had heard of folic acid, 45% had heard of neural tube defect, and 50% had heard of birth defects prevention by folic acid supplementation. Result showed that more Hispanic than black young women had heard of neural tube defect (59% vs39%). Pregnancy history, regular birth control use, and education level for age were independently associated with knowledge. In young women with low education level for age, regular birth control use was significantly associated with knowledge. Proper folate diet was not associated with the knowl edge. The follow-up survey of the programme showed that 88% to 92% had the knowledge of neural tube defects and folic acid consumption.

Cristina Garcias Dreaming in Cuban Essay -- Cristina Garcia Dreaming

Cristina Garcia's "Dreaming in Cuban" The cyclical nature of time and the supernatural are recurring themes in Cristina Garcà ­a's 'Dreaming in Cuban'. Throughout the book, the members of the del Pino family find themselves reliving the same events and situations. This is characterized by the repetition of mental illness, attempted suicide, personal exile, and lovesickness that occurs over three generations. Celia, realizes that time will continue to repeat itself unless the family history is documented and carried on. She takes the responsibility of writing letters to her lover, in order to record their story, but understands more must be done, 'memory cannot be confined' (47). When Pilar is born she is endowed with specific gifts that will enable her to carry on the del Pino family history and end the vicious cycle that consumes the family. Through supernatural forces that manifest themselves as extraordinary memory, telepathy and dreams that serve as premonitions, Pilar is lead to return to Cuba where she fulfi lls her predetermined destiny; learning the del Pino family history and ending the cycle of lost memory that consumes them. Early on, as a child growing up in Cuba, Pilar has a very firm connection with the supernatural; she is able to will things to happen using her thoughts. She imagines her nannies? hair falling out strand by strand. We discover that in fact, many of her nannies fled her home with bald patches, claiming she was possessed. Pilar also has the extraordinary ability to recall events that occurred during two years she spent on the island and during her youth in New York City. ?I was only two years old when I left Cuba but I remember everything that?s happened to me since I was a b... ...suicide. When Pilar finally learns the del Pino family history, she frees Celia from the burden of her memories. ?As I listen, I feel my grandmother?s life passing to me through her hands? (222). This act, allows Celia to ?give herself to passion? (231). The act of suicide releases her from the pain and solitude of her memories which have plagued her since her youth. In her final moments, before her death, releasing the pearl earrings to the sea, allow her the closure that she has desperately yearned for. She is only able to accomplish this through Pilar?s gifts, extrodinary memory, premonitions and telepathy have allowed her to avoid the circular cycle of time that has destroyed the del Pinos before her. With this knowledge she too can break free from her family?s mistakes. Works Cited: Garcia, Cristina. Dreaming in Cuban. New York: Ballantine, 1992.

Psychometrics Validty and elaiability

Contents Introduction The selection of employees is one of the most significant tasks a human resources practitioner Is faced with. This affects the flow of employees entering and exiting the firm. Many Issues may arise If the recruiting process Is not In accordance with the South African Legislation, namely the Employment equity act and the labor relations act, which governs the reliability validity, bias and fairness of psychometric assessment measures.These legislations have been brought about to protect employees against discrimination and unfair practices which were experienced urine the previous dispensations. In accordance to the terms of the provisions of Section 8 of the Employment Equity Act (55 of 1998) â€Å"Psychological testing and other similar assessments of an employee are prohibited unless the test or assessment being used (a) has been scientifically shown to be valid and reliable; (b) can be applied fairly to all employees; and (c) is not biased against any emplo yee or group†.The psychological measuring instrument we have chosen in accordance with HAPS is the PAIL B. The Ability Processing of Information and Learning Battery (PAIL-B) will e critically evaluated within this essay. This psychometric assessments battery can therefore assist recruiters who use these measures to identify employees who have the potential to grow and learn with In organizations.Furthermore It should be noted that the PAIL B Is a cognitive measure and Is not only used for recruitment and selection in organizations, but can also be used for selection into schools, universities and other areas. Hence, this essay will report the PAIL B through the following headings namely evaluating the PAIL B, Composition of the PAIL B, Validity, Reliability, Bias and Limitations.Evaluating the PAIL B According to Foxtrot and Rood (201 3), It Is an assessment practitioner's duty to evaluate the Information offered about a measure and determine whether it Is valid and reliable for its intended purpose. Foxtrot and Rood (2013), further state that for evaluating a measure, some of the things that an assessment practitioner should consider are: how long ago it was developed; quality of manual contents; clarity of instructions and cultural appropriateness.First conceptualized in 1994 by T. R Taylor, the PAIL B – Ability, Processing of Information and Learning Battery- (Taylor, n. . ), was designed as a set of tests with the purpose of assessing ones vital cognitive capableness. In order for the assessment to be most effective It should be administered on individuals with individuals with a minimum of twelve years educational background (Taylor, n. D. ).The PAIL B is ideal for identifying those who are likely to master new cognitively challenging content in a training context and establishing levels in order to place people in the correct positions. Taylor (n. D. ), has identified three norms that the PAIL B makes use of, namely: stained (scale of 1 â⠂¬â€œ 9) ; tens are used in the Flexibility-Accuracy-speed Tests (FAST), stained are used in the concept formation test; the memory test and Knowledge transfer test while percentiles are used in the curve of learning test.According to Taylor (n. D. ), the PAIL B is divided into five test booklets and two ancillary booklets which make up eight scores namely: Abstract thinking; Speed of information processing; accuracy of information processing; cognitive flexibility; Performance gain in a learning task; final level of proficiency; Memory and understanding and Transfer of knowledge, which ill take approximately three hours and forty five minutes to administer.Composition PAIL Battery Concept formation test This test was designed to assess one's ability to â€Å"think abstractly and conceptually: to form abstract concepts, reason hypothetically, theories, build scenarios (and) trace causes† (Taylor, p. 4, n. D. ). The test is comprised of thirty questions; each consisting of six depictions of similar nature the test taker must identify the depiction that does not share a characteristic that the rest of the depictions share (Taylor, n. D. ). Flexibility-Accuracy-speed Tests (FAST) Taylor (n. D. Suggests that â€Å"this battery within a battery measures speed (quickness) and accuracy of information processing, and cognitive flexibility'. The FAST test is made up of four individual assessments namely: Series; Mirror image; Transformations and combined tests. All four assessments are time sensitive and have been designed in such a way that it is very rare for a test taker to actually complete the entire assessment. It uses shapes of different sizes which may contain either a dot or line in the center. The basic idea of the tests is to identify a pattern and find the omitted depiction.Curve of learning According to Taylor (n. D. ), this test focuses on a learning potential, it aims to assess ones capacity at which they are able to master new skills. It looks a t future achievement potential rather than the abilities that the person already has. The test is split into four timed sessions which requires the test taker to decode a series of paired images into another set of images and once again decode these images to a set of words. Images are decoded with the aid of the first ancillary booklet, the dictionary.Memory test Directly after the test taker has completed the curve of learning test, the memory test s administered. It follows the same concept as the curve of learning where the test takers are required to decode images to words; however the dictionary is now taken away. The performance of the test taker on this test reflects the extent to which the test taker has understood the logical relation between the symbols and words. Knowledge transfer test According to Ferguson (1956, as cited in Taylor, n. D. ), transferring knowledge and skills to similar areas or situations is a vital process of cognitive development.The knowledge transf er test, as the name suggests, measures this ability. The test insists of a series of connected depictions referred to as â€Å"pieces of equipment† (Taylor, p. 19, n. D. ), which have a specific feature in addition to a basic shape. The test taker is required to categorize them under symbols. Test takers are also given the second ancillary booklet. Validity established to ensure that the test is valid for the purpose it is to be used for. Foxtrot and Rood (2013) state that the â€Å"the validity of a measure concerns what the test measures and how well it does so†.In the studies consulted it has been evident that construct and criterion validity were shown to be present in the PAIL B assessment. The construct validity of a measure is the extent to which it measures the theoretical construct or trait that it is supposed to measure (Foxtrot & Rood 2013). The second validation measure of criterion validity was defined by Paella and Wren (2005) who stated that â€Å"Crit erion-Related Validity is used to predict future or current performance†. The method that used to determine criterion related validity is predictive validity.Murphy and Adversaries (2005) define predictive validity as a method of determining criterion validity. It also used to determine the correlation of test takers test score and there criterion related scores. Taylor (1995) investigated the validity on the SOFT, where he gave the measure to 33 first-year university students who had been accepted into the university on merits other than their grade twelve results. Taylor correlated the marks from their SOFT assessments and the marks of the course they took; which were to improve their logical thinking and reasoning skills. Therefore the correlation was 0. 4 (p = 0. 012). Taylor (1995, as cited in Astrakhan, 1998) found in another study which investigated the validity on the Curve of Learning and Memory and Understanding tests was inducted using a sample of 110 workers from a beverage manufacturing firm. The criteria for evaluating workers included facets such as their capacity to learn new procedures and concepts, to understand why things happen in the firm as a whole, and their capacity to plan and organism. These results averaged correlations of 0. 35. The low correlation can be attributed to the fact that a diverse sample was not used.A further study by Taylor (1995) found criterion scores which was given to 43 employees who were enrolled in a course designed to prepare them for a promotion in Junior management positions. The correlations here were reported to be 0. 67 and 0. 79 respectively, which can be interrupted to prove to be an recreate predictor of performance. In an additional study conducted by Lopes, Rood and Maier (2001) on the predictive validity of the PAIL-B in a financial institution; the purpose was to assess the predictive validity of the PAIL test battery, in order to identify learning potential.A sample of 235 successful Job appl icants were used to complete the test battery and found the predictive validity of the test battery was assessed using a canonical discriminate analysis procedure. The procedure was adopted in view of the nominal strength of the manager's ratings, and due to the limited sample size the 5 point rating scale was eventually collapsed too 2 point classification. Reliability It should be noted that an assessment is reliable if it measures the same construct in a consistent and precise manner over time.Foxtrot and Rood (2009) define reliability of a measure as â€Å"the consistency to which it measures whatever it measures†. Split – half reliability was a major psychometric property of reliability used among majority of the literature we consulted. In the PAIL B, (Taylor 1995) elucidates that split half reliability was used to investigate whether or not the PAIL-B is reliable. Foxtrot and Rood (2013, p. 47) define split-half reliability as â€Å"obtained by splitting the me asure into two equivalents (after a single administration of the test) and computing the correlation coefficient between these two sets of scores†.During Taylor' investigations into the reliability of the PAIL B, he used a sample of six groups to test reliability coefficient of the flexibility, accuracy and speed test and the knowledge transfer test. These have reliability coefficients room a low of 0. 70 – too high of 0. 86 and 0. 71 – 0. 84 respectively Taylor (1995). In a study done by the defense force which lasted over a period of three years with new recruits. The purpose was to determine whether the psychometric evaluation processes can reliably predict the learning potential of first year recruits at the academy.The FAST considered the following; firstly, the PAIL B investigated whether the FAST has a positive effect on how quickly recruits learn new abilities. It was found that a significant relationship with a reliability coefficient of (r=O,491) exists between legibility of information processing and steepness of the learning curve. This therefore is below the accepted reliability coefficient of Secondly, it was found that a strong relationship with a reliability coefficient of is apparent between speed of information processing and the total amount of work completed by the recruits.Lastly, it was determined that the small relationship with a reliability coefficient of exists between accuracy of information processing and steepness of the learning curve. This therefore is below the accepted reliability coefficient of However, the results concluded that three components of the FAST, are accurate in predicting how quickly new recruits in the defense force will develop new competencies. The findings also further indicated that the accuracy with which information is processed has a minimal influence on the rate a recruit will develop new competencies (Preterits 2010).In terms of the knowledge transfer test which investigated if there was a transfer of knowledge to crystallized abilities. Meaning it investigated if there was a transfer of what the recruits learnt and how they apply it in combat situations. Preterits (2010) defines crystallized abilities as â€Å"are peccadillo insight or understanding and knowledge that emerge via transfer from existing knowledge and that is subsequently, successfully stored in memory'. The Memory and Understanding sub-test of the PAIL-B was used to measure crystallized ability of recruits.It was found that a positive relationship exists between the transferring of knowledge in what the recruit learnt and crystallized abilities. The reliability coefficient was reported as a positive directional relationship between transfer of knowledge and crystallized abilities. A substantial relationship with a liability coefficient of 5) exists between memory and understanding and crystallized abilities. This therefore suggests that a moderate correlation exists.In terms of the curve of lea rning, it was found that prior learning has a positive directional effect on learning performance thus the results indicate a substantial relationship and moderate correlation with a reliability coefficient of In concluding with this study, it can be said that the defense force's use of the PAIL B (Preterits 2010). A De Geode and Thereon (2010) study concurred with Preterits (2010) where a non- arability sample of 434 new recruits from the South African Police Service Training College in Philipp, Cape Town was used.Even though the size of the selected sample is quite acceptable, making use of a non-probability sampling of the target population, caution should be taken when making generalizations. De Geode and Thereon (2010), found that a score of reliability score of (r= 0. 45). This suggests that a question mark hangs over the success with which at least some of the concealed variables comprising the results of the learning potential police recruits. Standard Error of Measurement F oxtrot and Rood (2013, p. 49), â€Å"explain that the standard error of measurement indicates the band of error around each obtained score, and examiners should aware of the standard error of measurement for each subtest before interpreting the test – takers score†. Therefore, assessors must be cognizant of the test takers history and current circumstances. Factors such as culture, transient conditions, prior learning and test wishes can have an impact on the variance between the true score (obtained under perfect conditions) and the obtained score.Preterits (2010) outlines hat prior learning of an individual and their familiarity with taking assessment has a significant impact on their ability to perform in test conditions. While Dodos (2000) was of the view that a testes culture as well as environmental factors will also affect the scores of the historically disadvantaged people of South Africa. Bias Prior (2011) explains that bias â€Å"implies that test scores obt ained for various subgroups of a given population cannot be interpreted in the same way across the groups†.Taylor (1995) suggests PAIL-B was designed as a learning potential test and therefore emits any biased based on cultural differences. This is a result of the test being a non-verbal test, except for the instructions, and the test comprises of mainly geometric depictions thus language does not become an issue of concern. Astrakhan (2008) concurs with Taylor (1995) in a study conducted with a sample of 400 individuals, 66 testes had African surnames while the large majority can be classified as white.The data analysis for both race groups were highly correlated indicating that there is no potential for bias. However, it should be kept in mind that his was not a representative sample. Further studies were consulted to investigate the potential bias in the PAIL B. A sample of 20 psychological professionals from various fields, were asked to investigate the cultural bias of th e PAIL-B; found that 6 out of the 20 felt that the test was bias (Dodos 2000). Thus, it can be stated that there is a potential for bias based on one's culture.Similarly, Preterits (2010) concurs with Dodos as he found that the PAIL B was accused of being biased and under representing the cognitive capacity of individuals from historically disadvantaged backgrounds. Thus, in order to bring recruitment practices in line with legislation in the Employment Equity act, these tests was subsequently replaced with a selection battery thought to be less susceptible to culture, race and gender bias. This resulted in the measure being removed from use in the context of the defense force.Limitations of the PAIL B diverse enough for the representative target population. This is further verified by Astrakhan (2008), who also did not make use of a diverse sample. Therefore based on the literature from these authors, it is evident that accurate conclusions cannot be ran indicating that there are l imitations in the above studies. Conclusion In the end the results show that, the PAIL-B is able to predict the performance of individuals not only in certain institutions but for any selection at an accurate level and therefore makes the battery a vital instrument to use.It is evident that the PAIL- B is a somewhat outdated measure but still proves to be valid and reliable in measuring cognitive abilities today. However, caution could be taken when administering the PAIL-B, as some authors have found that bias is present in historically disadvantaged groups. This essay therefore reported on the PAIL B through evaluation of the PAIL B, Composition of the PAIL B, Validity, Reliability, Bias and Limitations. Recommendations Firstly, it should be noted that the PAIL B is an outdated selection battery.In order for organizations to make fair decisions in line with the Employment Equity Act, a more relevant battery needs to be considered. Secondly, it should also not be used in its indivi dual capacity within the recruitment and selection process and is it advisable to be used in harmony with other valid information such as candidates' curriculum it's and other test results. Thirdly, the use of the PAIL can be considered bias in instances where people from different cultures and race groups are affected.In addition, Astrakhan (2008), De Geode and Thereon (2010), should make use of a more representative sample in order to draw conclusions about the reliability of their studies. Lastly, we also propose that measures within the battery not require such strict prior learning criteria as these have been shown to bias the historically disadvantaged individuals who have not had exposure to prior learning. Reference List psychometric test administrators toward the PAIL B as a culture fair assessment with special reference to the employment equity act.

Comparison and Analysis Across Theories - 1142 Words

Comparison and Analysis Across Theories Comparison and Analysis across Theories The purpose of the nursing theories is to provide an interrelating framework focusing on the nursing practice. The defined nursing theories promote better patient care, improve the status of nursing profession, and improve the communication between the nurses, and provide guidance to the researches and education (Keefe, 2011). Not all nursing theories have the same meanings; however, they play the important role of explaining the key concepts and principles of nursing practice in understanding way. Dorothy Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Theory and Sister Callista Roy’s Adaptation Model are considered as grand nursing theories. The grand nursing theories are a†¦show more content†¦Since 1970s, person, nursing, health, and environment are considered as the core concepts of nursing theories by many nursing theorists. Person According to Orem, a person is made of a physical, psychological, and social character with variable degrees of self-care ability (Dorothea Orem s Self, 2011.) Roy views a person as â€Å"an adaptive system that responds to internal and external stimuli in their environments† (Alligood Tomey, 2006.) Nursing Orem and Roy have the different attitude toward the concept of nursing. Orem sees nursing as an intervention to meet the daily needs for self-care and medical-care patients need (Dorothea Orem s Self, 2011.) Roy believes nursing as a key player to help patients to develop coping mechanism and positive outcome from the constant stimuli exposure. Roy’s goal is for the patient to achieve adaptation leading to optimum health, well-being, quality of life, death with dignity, and finding in life by participating in their own care (Roy Andrews, 1999.) Health Orem defines health as â€Å"physical, mental and social well being† (Dorothea Orem s Self, 2011.) Roy views health as a method used by patients to obtain their utmost possible health regardless of the presence or absence of disease. Environment Orem and Roy both state the individual existsShow MoreRelatedComparison and Analysis Across Theories1142 Words   |  5 PagesComparison and Analysis Across Theories Comparison and Analysis across Theories The purpose of the nursing theories is to provide an interrelating framework focusing on the nursing practice. The defined nursing theories promote better patient care, improve the status of nursing profession, and improve the communication between the nurses, and provide guidance to the researches and education (Keefe, 2011). Not all nursing theories have the same meanings; however, they play the important role of explainingRead MoreComparison and Analysis Across Theories1145 Words   |  5 PagesComparison and Analysis across Theories The purpose of the nursing theories is to provide an interrelating framework focusing on the nursing practice. The defined nursing theories promote better patient care, improve the status of nursing profession, and improve the communication between the nurses, and provide guidance to the researches and education (Keefe, 2011). Not all nursing theories have the same meanings; however, they play the important role of explaining the key concepts and principlesRead MoreConcept Comparison and Analysis Across Theories1775 Words   |  8 PagesConcept Comparison and Analysis Across Theories Ryan Velasco University of Phoenix NUR/513 March 13, 2012 Noura Kassis Ed.D., R.N. Concept Comparison and Analysis Across Theories Nursing as a profession has evolved through the contributions of practicing nurse theorists who have worked rigorously toward improving the way nurses approach the art and science of nursing. Through theory development, nursing models, and their conceptual frameworks, they have provided a foundationRead MoreConcept Comparison and Analysis Across Theories1051 Words   |  5 PagesConcept Comparison and Analysis Across Theories Nur 513 May 19, 2014 Theory is the core of nursing and nursing process. It describes, explains and predicts the uniqueness of a phenomenon. Theory is analysis and examine to determine the viability in the world of professional nursing. Concepts is the framework and foundation of the theory which consist of concrete and abstracts. The purpose of this paper is to select a core concept that is common to two nursing theories. Compare and AnalysisRead MoreConcept Comparison and Analysis Across Theories1882 Words   |  8 PagesConcept Comparison and Analysis Across Theories Julie McKay NUR/513 Theoretical Foundations of Practice December 06, 2014 Stephanie Vaughn Ph.D. R.N. CCRN A concept is a term that theoretically describes and names a fact or phenomenon, thus providing it with a separate identity or meaning. Nurses use theories to clarify the events through nursing practice. A concept analysis provides insight to nursing knowledge and understanding of the concepts allows nurses to determine nursing actionsRead MoreConcept Comparison and Analysis Across Theories1773 Words   |  8 PagesConcept Comparison and Analysis across Theories â€Å"Nursing theory is the term given to the body of knowledge applied to support nursing practice. Nursing theory is a framework designed to organize knowledge and explain phenomena in nursing, at a more concrete and specific level. 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ThisRead MoreConcept Comparison and Analysis Across Theories Essay1793 Words   |  8 PagesConcept Comparison and Analysis Across Theories NUR/513 October, 22, 2012 Delores Diehl Concept Comparison and Analysis Across Theories Nursing is a science that has many theories to support the beliefs and clinical practice of the profession. One core concept prevalent in many nursing theories is caring. Theorist Jean Watson and Madeleine Leininger are both nursing theorists who developed theories around caring and nursing. The subject of discussion in this paper is the comparison and analysisRead MoreThe Internationalisation Process Of Nigerian Firms907 Words   |  4 PagesGAB. In comparison to other large emerging markets and developed economies Nigerian firms are still in an early stage of development as most sectors of the economy are in their infancy stage. The firms’ expansion behaviours both domestically and internationally would to some extent have an impact on or alter the mainstream internationalisation process theories. Three research questions were developed to address the objectives of this study (1) Do existing internationalisation theories explainRead MoreVerizon Wirelesss Benefits Package 1728 Words   |  7 Pagesthat there was a critical need for a current benefits package comparison. The investigative steps necessary for this analysis for this Capstone Project were found in Section III, and this subsequent chapter, Section IV, submits those findings. Comparative Analysis Process The fundamental aim within this Capstone Project’s was to detail how Verizon Wirelesss benefits package compares in the industry, by process of comparative analysis and implementation of a specific design strategy including the Comparison and Analysis Across Theories - 1142 Words Comparison and Analysis Across Theories Comparison and Analysis across Theories The purpose of the nursing theories is to provide an interrelating framework focusing on the nursing practice. The defined nursing theories promote better patient care, improve the status of nursing profession, and improve the communication between the nurses, and provide guidance to the researches and education (Keefe, 2011). Not all nursing theories have the same meanings; however, they play the important role of explaining the key concepts and principles of nursing practice in understanding way. Dorothy Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Theory and Sister Callista Roy’s Adaptation Model are considered as grand nursing theories. The grand nursing theories are a†¦show more content†¦Many organizations now exist to support the advancement of nursing profession. Sigma Theta Tau International, the Honor Society of Nursing, is created to â€Å"support the learning, knowledge and professional development of nurses committed to making a difference in health worldwide† (STTI Organizational, 2011.) International Orem Society â€Å"promote the advancement of nursing science and provide scholarship in the area of Orems Theory of Self-Care Deficit Nursing to lead to further advancement of knowledge for the discipline of nursing† (International Orem, 2011.) The Roy Adaptation Association (RAA) is a society of nursing scholars who want to â€Å"advance nursing practice by developing basic and clinical nursing knowledge based on the Roy Adaptation Model† (R oy Adaptation, 2011.) These organizations along with progression of the nursing theories will promote the advancement of nursing science and enhance the nursing profession. References Alligood, M., Tomey, A. (2006). Nursing Theory: Utilization Application (3rd ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby. Dorothea Orems Self-Care Theory. (2011, October 14). Retrieved November 6, 2011, from Nursing Theories Web site: http://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/self_care_deficit_theory.html International Orem Society for Nursing Science and Scholarship. (2011). Retrieved November 6, 2011, from http://www.orem-society.com/ Keefe, S. (2011). About Nursing Theory. Retrieved October 22, 2011, fromShow MoreRelatedComparison and Analysis Across Theories1142 Words   |  5 PagesComparison and Analysis Across Theories Comparison and Analysis across Theories The purpose of the nursing theories is to provide an interrelating framework focusing on the nursing practice. The defined nursing theories promote better patient care, improve the status of nursing profession, and improve the communication between the nurses, and provide guidance to the researches and education (Keefe, 2011). Not all nursing theories have the same meanings; however, they play the important role ofRead MoreComparison and Analysis Across Theories1145 Words   |  5 PagesComparison and Analysis across Theories The purpose of the nursing theories is to provide an interrelating framework focusing on the nursing practice. The defined nursing theories promote better patient care, improve the status of nursing profession, and improve the communication between the nurses, and provide guidance to the researches and education (Keefe, 2011). Not all nursing theories have the same meanings; however, they play the important role of explaining the key concepts and principlesRead MoreConcept Comparison and Analysis Across Theories1775 Words   |  8 PagesConcept Comparison and Analysis Across Theories Ryan Velasco University of Phoenix NUR/513 March 13, 2012 Noura Kassis Ed.D., R.N. Concept Comparison and Analysis Across Theories Nursing as a profession has evolved through the contributions of practicing nurse theorists who have worked rigorously toward improving the way nurses approach the art and science of nursing. Through theory development, nursing models, and their conceptual frameworks, they have provided a foundationRead MoreConcept Comparison and Analysis Across Theories1051 Words   |  5 PagesConcept Comparison and Analysis Across Theories Nur 513 May 19, 2014 Theory is the core of nursing and nursing process. It describes, explains and predicts the uniqueness of a phenomenon. Theory is analysis and examine to determine the viability in the world of professional nursing. Concepts is the framework and foundation of the theory which consist of concrete and abstracts. The purpose of this paper is to select a core concept that is common to two nursing theories. Compare and AnalysisRead MoreConcept Comparison and Analysis Across Theories1882 Words   |  8 PagesConcept Comparison and Analysis Across Theories Julie McKay NUR/513 Theoretical Foundations of Practice December 06, 2014 Stephanie Vaughn Ph.D. R.N. CCRN A concept is a term that theoretically describes and names a fact or phenomenon, thus providing it with a separate identity or meaning. Nurses use theories to clarify the events through nursing practice. A concept analysis provides insight to nursing knowledge and understanding of the concepts allows nurses to determine nursing actionsRead MoreConcept Comparison and Analysis Across Theories1773 Words   |  8 PagesConcept Comparison and Analysis across Theories â€Å"Nursing theory is the term given to the body of knowledge applied to support nursing practice. Nursing theory is a framework designed to organize knowledge and explain phenomena in nursing, at a more concrete and specific level. A nursing theory is a set of concepts, definitions, relationships, and assumptions or propositions derived from nursing models or from other disciplines and project a purposive, systematic view of phenomena by designingRead MoreConcept Comparison and Analysis Across Theories Paper1713 Words   |  7 PagesConcept Comparison and Analysis across Theories Paper NUR 513 August 6, 2012 Comparison and Analysis Theories Paper The heart of nursing has always been caring. Since the start of professional nursing with Florence Nightingale, theorists have been writing about caring. This paper highlights three caring theories Madeleine Leininger, Jean Watson, and the combine theory of Patricia Benner and Judith Wrubel these theorists each has developed a theory of caring. ThisRead MoreConcept Comparison and Analysis Across Theories Essay1793 Words   |  8 PagesConcept Comparison and Analysis Across Theories NUR/513 October, 22, 2012 Delores Diehl Concept Comparison and Analysis Across Theories Nursing is a science that has many theories to support the beliefs and clinical practice of the profession. One core concept prevalent in many nursing theories is caring. Theorist Jean Watson and Madeleine Leininger are both nursing theorists who developed theories around caring and nursing. The subject of discussion in this paper is the comparison and analysisRead MoreThe Internationalisation Process Of Nigerian Firms907 Words   |  4 PagesGAB. In comparison to other large emerging markets and developed economies Nigerian firms are still in an early stage of development as most sectors of the economy are in their infancy stage. The firms’ expansion behaviours both domestically and internationally would to some extent have an impact on or alter the mainstream internationalisation process theories. Three research questions were developed to address the objectives of this study (1) Do existing internationalisation theories explainRead MoreVerizon Wirelesss Benefits Package 1728 Words   |  7 Pagesthat there was a critical need for a current benefits package comparison. The investigative steps necessary for this analysis for this Capstone Project were found in Section III, and this subsequent chapter, Section IV, submits those findings. Comparative Analysis Process The fundamental aim within this Capstone Project’s was to detail how Verizon Wirelesss benefits package compares in the industry, by process of comparative analysis and implementation of a specific design strategy including the